What is the difference between modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors

International Journal of Epidemiology, 33, European Heart Journal, 28, Atherosclerosis, , Diabetes Care, 26, Circulation, , BMJ Open, 5, e Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10, Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 7, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 20, Obesity Reviews, 8, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24, BMJ, , Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 27, The Lancet, , Applied Nursing Research, 21, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Diabetes Care, 27, Globalization and Health, 2, Journal of Hypertension, 25, Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, The New Zealand Medical Journal, , BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 14, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67, International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, Journal of Hypertension, 21, Hypertension, 42, Journal of Primary Health Care, 7, New Zealand Medical Journal, , Perspectives in Public Health, , Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15, Stroke, 39, Diabetologia, 50, International Journal of Epidemiology, 32, Stroke, 43, Hypertension, 59, Pediatric Cardiology, 33, Quality in Primary Care, 21, Metabolism, 52, American Journal of Public Health, , Stroke, 36, Journal of Diabetes, 1, International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, BMC Public Health, 14, Journal of Korean medical science, 28, Journal of Primary Health Care, 3, Vascular Health and Risk Management, 10, Home Journals Article.

DOI: Abstract Introduction: Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to the significant rise of non-communicable diseases NCDs , most notably cardiovascular disease CVD , in the Pacific Island nations.

Share and Cite:. Mohammadnezhad, M. World Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery , 6 , Introduction Cardiovascular disease CVD is a lifestyle disease that is defined as heart and blood vessel disease, also known as heart disease, which is related to atherosclerosis [1. Methodology Finally, 31 articles were included in the review. Results The pooled number of people in 45 studies was 10,, Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References [ 1 ] Santulli, G. Journals Menu. Contact us. All Rights Reserved. Santulli, G. Lloyd-Jones, D. Allender, S. Heart disease has long been considered to be primarily a men's disease. Although women tend to develop cardiovascular disease about 10 years later in life than men, the outcome for women is often worse. Read more about women and heart disease. Your risk for developing heart disease increases if you have a relative who developed heart disease early, before age If your parents developed heart disease later in life, it may be age-related rather than genetic.

While you cannot change your genes, it is important to know your family medical history and share it with your doctor.

African-Americans are at great risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Continue reading. The top number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. The lower number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries between the heartbeats.

Blood pressure should be measured at each doctor's office visit starting at 18 years of age, but at least every two years. Many people have high blood pressure for years. If left untreated, it can lead to coronary heart disease, heart attack or stroke. Until age 45, a higher percentage of men than women have high blood pressure.

From ages 45 to 64, the percentages are similar. After that, a much higher percentage of women than men have high blood pressure.

For persons older than 50, systolic blood pressure is more important than diastolic blood pressure as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. People with systolic blood pressure of to mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mmHg, should be considered pre-hypertensive. They will need to make healthy lifestyle changes to prevent cardiovascular disease. Smoking is the most preventable risk factor. Smokers have more than twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

On average, smoking costs 13 years of life to a male smoker and 14 years to a female smoker. Exposure to smoke — secondhand smoking — increases the risk even for non-smokers.

Diabetes increases your risk for developing cardiovascular disease. There are two main types of diabetes. High levels of LDL cholesterol are often caused by factors such as an unhealthy diet, smoking, physical inactivity, high alcohol intake and liver and kidney disease. To reduce LDL cholesterol levels, people can eat a balanced diet, undertake regular exercise and quit smoking. Those with extremely high levels of LDL cholesterol may be prescribed medication to lower them, most often statins.

This cholesterol transports cholesterol and fats from around the body to the liver, where they can be removed. Eating healthily, staying active, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol intake can all help to increase HDL cholesterol levels. High blood pressure, known as hypertension, is another contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, including heart failure , stroke and heart attack. High blood pressure is often symptomless, but can be easily diagnosed by a doctor, using a routine test.

High blood pressure is often linked to being overweight, physical inactivity, a high intake of salt or alcohol or a family history of the disorder, but in some cases may have no apparent cause. Lifestyle changes may help to reduce high blood pressure and, in severe cases, medication may be prescribed. Having diabetes, a condition that causes high levels of glucose in the blood, is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease.

High glucose levels can damage the artery walls and make the buildup of fatty deposits atheroma more likely. If these fatty deposits occur in the coronary arteries, they can lead to possible coronary heart disease and heart attack. There are two types of diabetes: type 1, which involves the body being unable to produce insulin and which usually develops in children and young adults, and type 2 diabetes, which is more likely to affect older people, though is becoming more common in younger people, and which involves the body either not making enough insulin or the body becoming resistant to insulin.

Type 2 diabetes is closely associated with a lifestyle that leads to being overweight and physical inactivity. In people with diabetes, careful management of blood sugar levels is also very important in helping to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Smoking tobacco significantly increases the chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Smoking damages and narrows the arteries, making angina pectoris and heart attack more likely. Angina pectoris is a condition characterized by pain or discomfort in the center of the chest, caused by the heart muscle not getting enough blood.

Soon after quitting smoking, health benefits such as improved circulation, better taste and smell and a stronger immune system can usually be noticed. Doctors and other health professionals are able to offer advice on how to quit smoking. Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To see substantial health benefits, experts recommend that adults do at least minutes of moderate to high-intensity exercise per week. If this is not possible, any amount of physical activity is always preferable to none at all.

Being overweight is another leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eating an unhealthy diet and being physically inactive are both contributing factors to being overweight, which is generally defined as having a body mass index BMI outside the normal range. Taking steps to lose weight through lifestyle and dietary changes can help reduce the risk of a range of cardiovascular conditions, including coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure. Eating an unhealthy diet is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

To lower the risk, a balanced diet made up of plenty of fruits and vegetables, complex carbohydrates and protein should be aimed at and excess fats, salts and sugars avoided. Alcohol should also be consumed in moderation, if at all.

In many countries, this is defined as a maximum of 14 units of alcohol per week, with some experts recommending half that for women. The week should include several alcohol-free days. Q: What are heart disease risk factors? A: Risk factors for heart disease and other cardiovascular disease include:.